Stata Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Stata Project - Essay Example From the above calculations, one can be 99% sure that the populaces mean help level of the Londoners in help for the â€Å"Living Wage† is somewhere in the range of 53.36 and 79.9734 that is basing on an example of 15 members. From the computations, the mean help level of the Londoners in help for the â€Å"Living Wage† was seen as 66.6667 showing that there exists backing of the â€Å"Living Wage† among the Londoners however anyway it's anything but a full help. Full help would have implied a normal of 100 which isn't the situation as directed by the figures. A cross classification was done so as to explore the connection between the book of scriptures and the training level (educ). The table beneath shows the outcomes produced in stata. From the table obviously there is a noteworthy degree of reliance between the good book and the training level (educ). The thought that individuals have of the holy book depends to some more noteworthy degree on the instruction scale (level). As indicated by the table, p-value=0.000

Martial Art School for Kids

Presentation Martial expressions are broad framework including a few systematized practices and conventions of battling. It is typically polished for a few reasons, some of which incorporate for self preservation, physical wellbeing, wellness, and at times rivalry (Micah, 2007, 7-15).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Martial Art School for Kids explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More A section from that, a few people accept it as a psychological and profound turn of events. Be that as it may, in the cutting edge society, this term hand to hand fighting has been significantly connected with battling craftsmanship, all the more so from the eastern piece of Asia. There is have to inquire about on why more individuals are joining hand to hand fighting class so as to adapt these days. The inquiry is: the reason there are such a large number of individuals keen on learning military workmanship, yet there is no military school for kids. Guardians hav e a specific level of expert on what their youngsters may do or not do. Consequently, with regards to hand to hand fighting, guardians will in general gander at the wellbeing of their youngsters, on account of what it includes. Hand to hand fighting specialists will disclose to you that, guardians really put their youngsters in an increasingly risky circumstance when they don't urge them to do military craftsmanship. Then again, more established individuals do military workmanship inferable from for wellbeing reasons and helpful as opposed to self protection (Micah, 2007, pp.16-36). Subsequently, this is a theme that requires broad research, due to the essentialness of the training not exclusively to grown-ups, yet in addition to small kids, in light of the fact that simply like grown-ups, kids additionally need to practice and have military workmanship abilities. Target of the Research This goal of this exploration is to attempt to clarify why inclines in this industry shows that i ndividuals are done looking for hand to hand fighting classes fundamentally for barrier abilities, on the grounds that in most present social orders individuals are fairly determined by different reasons, which incorporate wellness, entertainment and others. Also, why have more guardians chose to enlist their kids so as to keep them dynamic and fit, while the older look for administrations to expand their equalization and coordination. My proposition on this record is that; in light of the battling like practices associated with this workmanship, numerous individuals accept military craftsmanship as a hazardous and perilous thing to do.Advertising Looking for investigate paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They don't see different advantages separated from increasing self protection aptitudes. Albeit gradually, individuals have begun to understand different preferences of this training, not many people are prepared to travel this street, more with regards to their children, on account of the dread of ingraining in their children, rehearses that may jeopardize their lives. Essential Data Collection Method In request to do a get the significant and right data/information in the exploration, there must be an appropriate system of getting the necessary data, more from parties that are concerned, specifically guardians and children. Since the issue and the target of the exploration have been expressed, coming up next are the means to be taken in the examination procedure (Russel, 2006, pp.23-68). First is to know, which examine technique to use in inquiring about. There are a few research strategies to be utilized that can be examination inquire about techniques, subjective research strategy, quantitative research strategy, inspecting research technique or precise research strategy. Every one of these strategies share the accompanying thing for all intents and purpose; they are worried ab out assortment of information/data and they give techniques for dissecting the wellsprings of information. Furthermore, these strategies unmistakably characterize how to get data from the sources, techniques for investigating and deciphering the information gathered, lastly how to introduce the procured outcomes, all together for perusers of any exploration work to comprehend the specific result of the examination work (Ian, 2008, pp.12-35). In this examination study, there is have to know the current data. This will empower one to realize what sort of data to look into. The statistical surveying will happen in a previously settled military workmanship schools and coming up next are the essential information assortment strategies to be utilized. To begin with, perception is the primary wellspring of data in the field of research. This will be finished by methods for mechanical, gadgets, and human techniques, which either include immediate or aberrant contact.Advertising We will comp ose a custom research paper test on Martial Art School for Kids explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This strategy includes looking and listening cautiously so as to find specific data subsequent to dissecting their conduct. This kind of information assortment strategy will offer the chance to record the objective gathering conduct legitimately. It follows that the data gathered through this strategy is exact when contrasted with the rest. A portion of its hindrances are that, it is costly and tedious when contrasted with other essential techniques for information assortment. Additionally, the data gathered could be misshaped with biasness and the thinking about the agent. Such is the situation, since probabilities of the considerable number of respondents giving definite data about this subject is uncommon, because of the way that, various people hold various recognitions about his theme (Weller, 1988, pp. 9 †23). The other essential information assortment te chnique that will be utilized in this examination work is close to home meeting. For this situation, a survey will be utilized as information assortment apparatus. There are two different ways to utilize the survey. To start with, it will be sent to the respondents who will fill in the data required by addressing the inquiries posed in it. At the point when they are done, they will be gathered by the specialist or they can send them back. The other that polls will be utilized is by the specialist sorting out and meeting with the respondents, after which the respondents will be posed the inquiries as the scientist fills them, as a method of getting criticism. This is progressively proper when the focused on bunch is uneducated (can't peruse or compose) (Russel, 2006, pp. 15-46). When contrasted with up close and personal meetings, this sort of strategy will be financially savvy, it will be recognizable to the vast majority, and it will decrease any center man biasness that originates from closely-held convictions affected by the respondent (Weller, 1988, pp. 12-33). Nonetheless, this technique will be tedious and very costly, as a result of the development that will be included. It tends to be likewise scary to certain individuals who may think that its awkward to sharing some data that the poll requires, taking into account this is a subject that is seen contrastingly by the whole society (Sirch, 200,pp.12-36).Advertising Searching for examine paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More A third technique that will be utilized is phone meet. This is one of the most vital essential information assortment techniques. As Weller (1988, pp. 16-24) contends, this technique is easy to utilize (choosing phone numbers, call timing, call results and call reports), and it is notable as predominant and most financially savvy in light of the fact that. This is on the grounds that, this techniques has end up being to give high odds of arriving at the respondents from everywhere throughout the world; it spares time utilized in voyaging and all the included expenses. What's more, through this strategy, more data can be gathered in a brief period and there are high odds of arbitrary determination of units among the populace with phone associations (Ian, 2008, pp. 22-36). Be that as it may, it has the accompanying inadequacies. Right off the bat, it is difficult to utilize visual guides from some populace and the high likelihood of suspending discussions may result to inadequate meeti ngs; henceforth, the nature of data acquired may not be precise. Optional information assortment strategies Secondary information assortment techniques are simpler and more affordable, since they utilize recycled information (Weller, 1988, pp. 23-52). For this situation, the practical objectives are the children and grown-ups in the city who need to learn military craftsmanship, so as to assemble their self-assurance. The techniques that will be fundamental for this examination will be situated in on contender ‘current system that will follow the different roads that one can use to get the data about the competitors’ current procedures. These techniques incorporate yearly reports, data they provide for the press and some other type of meetings that will be finished by investigators among others. Generally, auxiliary information is gathered from effectively accessible information from magazines, diaries, and entries. Another auxiliary wellspring of information will be th e socioeconomics information broke down from U.S statistics. The information assortment instrument will be planned in a manner to disentangle information arrangement and it ought to be figured so that it is anything but difficult to utilize. These incorporate utilizing meeting guides; perception agenda, center gathering conversation aides, poll, and the overview structures, more when there will be have to gather data from fields (Ian, 2008, pp. 22-59). The poll for the military craftsmanship for kind promoting research is as per the following. Target populace This is a particular gathering of individuals that is recognized as the planned beneficiary of an item, promotion, battle, or research. They are here and there known as target crowd. The intended interest group can be made out of individuals of specific age gathering, sexual orientation, young people, females, singles, and conjugal status. There ought to be alert since it is conceivable to commit an error in attempting to arriv e at everyone and winding up speaking to none (Weller, 1988, pp.16-43). This military workmanship school for youngsters research’s target populace is the two children and grown-up. They can be either enlisted for the military craftsmanship or not yet. This examination undertaking principally targets picks those individuals who are joined up with

Thanksgiving Productivity Tips

Thanksgiving Productivity Tips How to Stay Productive On Turkey How to Stay Productive On Turkey We love Thanksgiving because, let’s face it, it’s all about food mouthwatering heaping mounds of mashed potatoes, turkey, and corn. However, Thanksgiving is about more than going into a food coma, it’s also about giving thanks. This year, among many things, you should be thankful for the gift of extra time to finish up your college essay! Most major deadlines fall on or around January 1st, so this task is more urgent than ever. If you haven’t started your essay yet, THIS is the time to do it! Right now you’re thinking: But, College Essay Advisors, this is my break! We know, we know. However, once you get back to school, you’re going to be faced with the stress of midterm exams, homework, and extracurriculars.  And there is a way to craft a perfect admissions essay and still enjoy every bite of Thanksgiving dinner. Here’s how to stay focused and productive between watching Football and shoveling down cranberry sauce. Dont be bored. While on break, you may have a little bit too much time for binge-watching reruns of The Office. So much, in fact, that you may get bored of watching TV (I know, it sounds crazy). Anytime you hear yourself say (or even think) I’m bored, use it as an opportunity to change the pace and get on your computer to work on your essay. Even if you used the stagnant time to do some research about colleges, anything that supports your application process is a plus! Set goals. You know how you love the competition between your favorite football team and your dad’s? Well, how about a competition between yourself and time? Set a goal to finish a certain amount of your essay every day within a given time period. Only have thirty minutes? See if you can finish one paragraph. All of the time will add up to get you closer and closer to you final goal of securing a spot at the college of your dreams. Use family stories. What a great way to think of the perfect topic for your essay (or one of your supplements)! While you’re sitting around the dinner table, ask your grandparents, aunts, and uncles questions. Ask them about yourself when you were growing up. Ask them for interesting family stories. Write things down if you need to! You may find the perfect topic through the people who matter most to you. On top of that, you will get to hear some pretty great (and probably hilarious) stories that may go back several generations. Smile. Do you know it’s actually scientifically proven that smiling can make you feel happier? There’s a lot of pressure on you right now to write an amazing essay and get into a good college. To say the least, it’s hard. You may feel yourself omitting negative emotions. So, during this high-stress time, force a few smiles and you may see it starting to affect your mood :-). Make a playlist. Who better than Sia and Justin Bieber to motivate you through the essay process? Dancing along to your favorite tracks could help you soar right through your personal statement. So, blast your iPod (kids still have those right?) and write to the beat of your favorite songs! We hope you’re as thankful for these tips as we are for all the food we’re going to consume in a few days! About Rebecca SemenetzView all posts by Rebecca Semenetz »

Cold Blood The Trial Of The Century - 966 Words

In Cold Blood verses the Trial of the Century Timelines and storytelling are two of the important aspects of any trial which occurs in the American Courts. The story of â€Å"In Cold Blood† by Truman Capote’s original publication in a four part article in The New Yorker, In Cold Blood was turned into a movie, some would say a documentary of the mass murder, it mirrors the crime O.J. Simpson was accused of in many aspects as being brutal and deliberate but as in both instances the stories appear to bring humanity and humanize the villains, whether it be a dirty cop, a murdering husband or just two ex-convicts who go on a murdering spree. In Cold Blood The film In Cold Blood based on Truman Capote’s novel tells the true story of two ex-convicts who go on a murder rampage in the state of Kansas and then were on the run after killing a family of four. It appears in the movie that the motive for the crime was greed as the two are depicted as two hoodlum or typical criminal personalities. However, as the story unfolds about the two murderers, there seems to be come mitigating circumstances which are exposed as to why they were the way they were. When two monstrous personalities get together, havoc ensues. Pursuant to the way this story was told, it led one to believe that although villainous, and their senseless acts of deplorable violence, there were circumstances that lead to humanizing the villains through the story telling. By Capote sensationalizing this crime it could beShow MoreRelatedCold Blood : The Trial Of The Century1891 Words   |  8 PagesIn Cold Blood verses the Trial of the Century In Cold Blood brought about many social concerns and it was the cold and brutal facts of such a gruesome murder which was brought to the small town and the innocent family. Capote provided a detailed account and documentation of how the police force and legal system work in America. While the actual murders take up a small percentage of the 400 page novel, its main focus is on the hunt of Smith and Hickock, the trial, and ultimately the execution ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Christopher Hill s The World Turned Upside Down Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pages In The World Turned Upside Down, Christopher Hill remarks: Most men and women in seventeenth-century England lived in a universe of enchantment, in which God and the fallen angel interceded every day, a universe of witches, faries, and charms. English subjects living in Virginia amid the seventeenth century were the same in this appreciation. The men and ladies who moved to the New World all through the 1600s were results of the same religious society as their English partners. They conveyedRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the blood bath that was the Salem Witch Trials, but what not many know is what caused it and how it affected Americans throughout History. In the summer of 1692, it all started. A couple of Puritans thought that their daughters were being influenced by the Devil, but what they did not know is what the doctor said would affect the whole town, and eve their ancestors. Thesis: Many peaceful years after the Puritans’ journey to the new world, trouble arose through the Salem Witch Trials by what happenedRead MoreDid Lizzie Borden Commit Murder?1242 Words   |  5 PagesDid Lizzie Borden Commit Murder? A little over a century ago an atrocious double murder was committed, in the two-half story house at 92 Second Street, in Fall River, Massachusetts. This crime shocked the city of Fall River, as well as the nation, as Lizzie Borden, a 32-year-old Sunday school teacher, went on trial for the murder of her father and her stepmother. (Augustine). An all male jury eventually acquitted her on the accusations.(Aiuto). To this day, the murderer of Andrew J. Borden and AbbyRead More Plants and Superstitions Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesthey blamed another superstition, which was witchcraft. Almost all of the witchcraft misunderstandings were caused by Christianitys persecution of those who refused to abandon pagan beliefs (Zolar, 1995), but not in the case of the Salem Witch trials. In 1692 superstitions somehow became the way of thinking. The misuse of it led to the executions of many innocent people in this country. Witchcraft was the crime, for which they were wrongly accused. Fact Net Inc. (see Internet Source) definesRead MoreNutrition And Its Effects On Health933 Words   |  4 Pagesanxiety, loss of appetite, depressed mood, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities. The greeks once described depression as chronic melancholy. The term depression was derived from the Latin verb deprimere, to press down. From the 14th century, to depress meant to bring down in spirits. It was used as early as 1665 to refer to someone having a great depression of spirit. Since Aristotle, melancholia had been associated with men of learning and intellectual brilliance, a hazard of contemplationRead Moreâ€Å"Red Alert Is The Colour Of Panic. Elevated To The Point1704 Words   |  7 Pagespeople felt During the Cold War and the Salem Witch Trials. The Crucible takes place in Salem, Massachusetts when he wrote the play in 1953 during the Cold War between the United States and Russia. The Crucible presents an allegory for events in contemporary America. Miller proves that when you plant a seed of lies it will begin to grow and cause mass hysteria allowing everything to snowball out of control. During this time the Salem witch trials were taking place. These trials were a series of hearingsRead MoreEssay The Future Potential of DNA Fingerprinting1338 Words   |  6 Pagesthe effects DNA fingerprinting has had on the trial courts and legal institutions. Judge Joseph Harris states that it is the single greatest advance in the search for truth since the advent of the cross examination (Gest, 1988). And I tend to agree with Judge Josephs assertion, but with the invention and implementation of DNA profiling and technology has come numerous problems. This paper will explore: how DNA evidence was introduced into the trial courts, the effects of DNA evidence on the juryRead MoreWorld War II ( 1939 )1486 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II (1939 – 1945) was the second global conflict of the 20th century, which resulted in the deaths of millions. The devastating war was, like its precursor, the result of complex and historical political, economic and social tensions. It was th e largest armed conflict in history, and desolated more civilians than ever before. Consequently, it shaped and determined the outcome of the modern world as we know it. Focusing on Germany, it is clear how their post-WWI treatment led to the birthRead MoreThe Wonders of Vitamin C Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesin which we are in a state of constant fear of diseases. From when we are young we are taught repeatedly to wash our hands before every meal and to eat an apple daily. Moreover, we are catechized on a regular basis to bundle up so we do not catch a cold or pneumonia. Likewise, our doctors advise us to visit them annually to make sure we don’t have deficiency related disorders such as scurvy or anemia. What if there is a vitamin that could aid in preventing the aforementioned illnesses? Would it not

The First Gasoline Powered Vehicle Essay - 972 Words

The first gasoline powered vehicle was constructed in Germany in 1885. Henry Ford built the first car in the United States in 1896. This is when and how he changed the lives of the American people and their future. Several laws and government restrictions affected the auto industry since the 1960 s. The consumers had numerous concerns to build safer automobiles and safer environments. In 1966, Congress passed a safety act called the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (Gale 2004). This act improved visibility, safety, and to install a proper braking system so that not only the driver stayed safe, but the passengers as well. Then in the 1970 s, Congress passed yet another act that demanded all automobiles pass a test that decreased emissions by 90% within six (6) years, which was called the Clean Air Act. This act was mainly the result of the oil crisis in the 1970 s when the major industrial countries of the world (US, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand), and faced large petroleum shortages. This crisis steered stagnant economic growth in many countries as oil prices surged and then by the 1980 s they stabilized. (Ref 1) The auto industry is one of the largest sources of US global warming emissions. Because of this fact, the Union of Concerned Scientists are helping to make vehicles cleaner for everyone here on the earth by having less emissions than in 1896. It is a fact that global warming endangers our national security, our health,Show MoreRelatedHydrogen Powered Vs Electric Powered Vehicles1195 Words   |  5 Pages Hydrogen Powered Versus Electric Powered Vehicles The human race is in the midst of an energy crisis. The gasoline used around the world is currently a non-renewable resource. As the title suggests, the gasoline will eventually be totally consumed in part by the gas guzzling vehicles common today. For this reason, scientists have spent decades researching and developing alternative sources of fuel in order to power daily life on Earth for many years to come. There is a wide array of renewable fuelRead MoreGas .vs. Hybrid Persuasive Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesGasoline powered vehicles are better! No, hybrids are better! Have you heard these two points-of-view? This last election, the question of energy was a part of both party’s platforms. They talked about wind and solar versus coal and oil, and gasoline versus hybrid vehicles. So here we are, the election is over, but the battle between a gasoline powered vehicles versus a hybrid continues. You might know someone who owns a hybrid car. My uncle bought one in 200 6 and for him it works great, butRead MoreBattery Powered Cars Automobiles Are Increasingly New Within The Auto Industry1651 Words   |  7 PagesBattery powered automobiles are relatively new within the auto industry. Advancements in battery power technology along with the effect of gas emissions and crude oil prices have made battery power a more possible choice than ever before. Are battery powered cars marketable? That is the question that this research paper intends to answer. If battery power is a marketable alternative to gasoline power, what makes it profitable? Who is the target consumer? With the recent prices of oil, some peopleRead MoreElectric Cars1092 Words   |  5 Pages Now, what electric vehicles really are? Simply put, electric vehicles are vehicles that are powered by an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. Electric vehicle use electricity as the fuel instead of gasoline or some other combustible fuel. The electric motor in an electric vehicle converts electricity, usually from a battery pack, into mechanical power to turn the wheels. Major auto manufacturers are producing high-performance electric vehicles not only in the form Read MoreThe Automobile Is A Road Vehicle Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagesautomobile has been the most beneficial in our society. An automobile is a road vehicle, typically with four wheels, powered by an internal combustion engine or an electric motor and is able to carry a small number of people. The first person who invented the automobile was Karl Benz from Germany. He invented the road vehicle in 1886. Meanwhile, the vehicle was sought out to be the most social and economically powered invention that was brought into existence. In the mist of that, four hundred andRead MoreGas Vs. Diesel Vehicles1714 Words   |  7 PagesEmissions Gasoline and diesel vehicles have been around for a long period of time ever since they were first designed around the 1930’s. The diesel market is in the middle of a revolution. Over the years that diesel has been around there are new enhancements that are increasing engine power and torque, lowering emissions and enhancing fuel economy, creating new and cleaner diesel vehicles. Through advancements in technology, gasoline and diesel powered vehicles have evolved since they were first designedRead MoreEssay Electric Cars1057 Words   |  5 Pagescar? Now, what electric vehicles really are? Simply put, electric vehicles are vehicles that are powered by an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. Electric vehicle use electricity as the â€Å"fuel† instead of gasoline or some other combustible fuel. The electric motor in an electric vehicle converts electricity, usually from a battery pack, into mechanical power to turn the wheels. Major auto manufacturers are producing high-performance electric vehicles not only in the form ofRead More What To Do About The Pollution Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal motor vehicles are doing to our environment? Gasoline powered vehicles are one of the biggest causes of the depletion of our ozone. There are so many ways we can clean up our environment, but first we need to stop polluting it. If a major action were to be taken, efficient funds would need to be collected in order for any project to be successful. That is why I propose that in order to fund conservation of the natural environment, the federal government should increase gasoline tax by $1.00Read MoreGasoline Fueled Or Electric Vehicles?1515 Words   |  7 PagesGasoline-Fueled or Electric Vehicles? At the status quo, due to the gradually worse global warming climate and other environmental concerns caused by gasoline-fueled vehicles, more and more manufacturers launch hybrid or electric vehicles as EVs (electric vehicles) are more cost effective, have better energy efficiency, the most important of all, EVs cause less environmental damage than gasoline-powered vehicle does. Nevertheless, in terms of the ‘greener’ EVs, some people believe that EVs mightRead MoreGoing Geen in the Automotive Industry1329 Words   |  5 Pagesconclusions on what vehicle is better some say that the electric car is the better one and some say the gas-car is better but which is the better one ?there are many debates on which car is better there are many facts out there on why.one is better than the other so this research paper is going to be related to this topic and is going to explain how each vehicle is better than the other in their own way. This whole going green in the automotive industry is to get rid of gasoline cars however

Essay on Developmental and Social psychology Free Essays

string(108) " it enables individuals to act in a sociably acceptable way by restraining the id’s undesirable impulses\." Patch 1 Development Psychology This essay will explain how the cognitive development theory and psychoanalytic theory explain personality. There are a variety of different research methods that are used when conducting psychological research, yet it remains arguable which method has proven the best. Still, the two main types that are frequently being used are cross-sectional research and longitudinal research. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Developmental and Social psychology? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cross-sectional research involves analysing different groups of people from different ages and then reaching a conclusion. Longitudinal research involves studying the same group of people over a long period of time so that changes made over time can be properly analysed. Arguably, longitudinal research appears to be the most applicable method in gathering data on development psychology as the changes in individual personalities can be monitored appropriately. Introduction Development psychology is a scientific study which provides an explanation as to why changes occur within human beings. Whilst development psychology was previously aimed at children, it now looks at the behavioural changes of adults so that a better understanding of individual development can be made. Aristotle used the word ‘psyche’ to describe the structure (sole) of the human body and thus believed that the psyche â€Å"controlled reproduction, movement and perception† (Honderich, 1995, p. 727). He believed that observation was the essence of life and that in order to understand anything; individuals first had to observe, listen and then think about it. Aristotle’s notion was thus an extension of Plato’s work who had previously asserted that the human mind has all the knowledge it needs. He believed that the mind had three different parts (Tripartite Mind) and that in order to achieve a healthy mind; each part was to be balanced equally (Stocks, 1915, p. 207). Over-reliance upon any of the parts is what he believes leads to the expression of personality (Shuttleworth, 2010, p. 1). Nature/Nurture The nature/nurture debate is based upon the notion that individual behaviour is the result of either being inherited (nature) or acquired (nurture). However, whilst it is clear that characteristics such as hair, eye and skin colour have all been inherited, it is less clear whether an individual’s personality has been. McLeod (2007, p. 1) believes that â€Å"psychological characteristics and behavioral differences that emerge through infancy and childhood are the result of learning.† Therefore, he believes that personality depends upon how an individual has been brought up. Tomasic (2006, p. 202), on the other hand, believes that personality is both inherited and acquired: â€Å"personality is caused/influenced by the environment; personality is inherent in our genetic make-up; personality is a mix of both genetic and environmental influences.† Arguably, it is clear that the latter is more reflective of individual personalities in today’s society since chan ges within a person’s behaviour frequently occur. In effect, it seems as though an individual is born within a certain personality which changes over time as a result of environmental influences. Not all agree with this, however, and instead argue that children are born with a blank personality which is formed through social interaction. This was recognised by John Locke who made it clear that all men are equal by nature and that â€Å"the bulk of the observed variation among individuals was due to environment† (Loehlin, 1982, p. 119). Jean-Jacques Rousseau supported the views of Locke although she believed that all children are innocent and good and that they simply become corrupted by society and all that is wrong within it (Lam et al, 2011, p. 5). Whilst this is similar to Locke’s views, he believed that children are manipulated into a form that is acceptable by society (Lam et al, 2011, p. 5). Therefore, whilst both views are similar, they differ in their perceptions of the new born child. The Minnesota Twin study which was conducted by Thomas J. Bouchard and began in 1979, however, demonstrated that identical twins separated at birth had remarkably similar personalities despite the fact that they had different upbringings (Bouchard et al, 1990, p. 223). In effect, this suggests that individual pers onalities are actually inherited, although certain traits can still be acquired. It is doubtful that this resolves the nature/nurture debate, nonetheless, since it has been said that â€Å"naturally, the researchers paid special attention to their similarities and may have come to mythologize the twins relationship.† Accordingly, the Minnesota study cannot be relied upon and it seems as though personality is actually a mix of both nature and nurture. Psychoanalytical Theory Sigmund Freud believes that individual personalities are created by the unconscious mind and that â€Å"human beings are driven by powerful biological urges that must be satisfied (Shaffer, 1996, p. 39). These urges are known as Eros which is the life instinct and Thanatos which is the death instinct. Eros ensure that activities are conducted which help to sustain life such as breathing and eating, whilst Thanatos is the aggressive instinct which promotes destruction such as fighting and murder. Nevertheless, the kind of urges in which Freud refers to are those which are undesirable and selfish since he argues that â€Å"human beings have basic sexual and aggressive instincts which must be served; yet society dictates that many of these needs are undesirable and must be restrained† (Shaffer, 1996, p. 39). Therefore, whilst all children are born with certain instincts, it is evident that these can be managed appropriately by their parents who help to shape their personality tr aits. Essentially, the first few years of a child’s life thereby â€Å"play a major role in shaping their conduct and character† (Shaffer, 1996, p. 39). According to Freud, there are three different components of an individual’s personality which are the id, the ego and the superego. The id is the only component that is present at birth and helps to satisfy natural inborn instincts. The ego is the conscious component of the personality which reflects a child’s ability to learn and the superego component is the final component which is developed from the moral values and standards of a child’s parents. This latter component is thus the most important element of personality as it enables individuals to act in a sociably acceptable way by restraining the id’s undesirable impulses. You read "Essay on Developmental and Social psychology?" in category "Essay examples" Nevertheless, although Freud believes that sex is the most important stages of development, not all agree that young children are actually sexual beings and instead believe that Freud’s studies are inaccurate. Thus, Freud based most of his f indings on a small number of emotionally disturbed adults (Crews, 1996, p. 63) which cannot be relied upon. Cognitive Theory Cognitive theories relate to the development of an individual’s thought process which helps us to understand and adapt to society. The cognitive process is thus considered to be the â€Å"processes or faculties by which knowledge is acquired and manipulated.† (Bjorklund, 2011, p. 3). Cognitive behaviour is therefore a reflection of the developing mind and is unobservable. Jean Piaget is one of the main cognitive theorists who helped to shape the way people think about children and made it clear that all human beings develop their personalities through their own cognitive abilities. Accordingly, Piaget believed that intelligence was a basic life function and that â€Å"all intellectual activity is undertaken with one goal in mind: to produce a balanced, or harmonious relationship between one’s thought processes and the environment† (Kipp and Shaffer, 2012, p. 202). In effect, this theory demonstrates that children’s personalities develop from challen ges which are not immediately understood. Hence, Piaget believed that imbalances exist between children’s modes of thinking and environment events which â€Å"prompt them to make mental adjustments that enable them to cope with puzzling new experiences and thereby restore cognitive equilibrium† (Kipp and Shaffer, 2012, p. 202). Cognitive theorists thereby argue that children simply adapt to the environment through their own cognitive abilities which ultimately shapes their personality. Conclusion Overall, there are clearly different views as to how an individual’s personality is shaped and although many argue that it is inherited, others disagree and believe that it is acquired from societal influences. Arguably, after reviewing both the cognitive development theory and the psychoanalytic theory it seems as though personality is in fact a mix of both nature and nurture. This is because, although children do have some traits that are inherited and exist within the unconscious mind, an individual’s thought process does actually develop from adaption. Accordingly, children are thus prompted to make mental adjustments that enable them to cope with puzzling experiences which widely influences their own personality. Patch 2 Social Psychology Introduction Social influence happens when an individual’s behaviour is affected by external factors such as conformity, compliance and obedience, bystander intervention, social loathing and social facilitating. Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerald (1955, p. 629) thus made it clear that social influence is the result of two psychological needs; informational social influence and normative social influence which are the need to be right and the need to be liked. Arguably, social influence thereby refers to the effect in which individuals have upon one another and can happen intentionally or unintentionally as a result of the way in which the person who has been influenced perceives themselves (Changing Minds, 2002, p. 1). Concepts of Social Influence Conformity, compliance and obedience are the three main areas of social influence and often occur simultaneously. This is because, â€Å"those that conform tend to be obedient and compliant† (Constable et al, 2002, p. 1). Nevertheless, whilst conformity refers to the changes an individual makes so that they can be more like others, compliance relates to the changes an individual makes as a result of being asked. Furthermore, obedience refers to the process of obeying an order that has been made and often means that the individual has no choice but to make the changes unlike the former two social influences where the individual does have a choice. Coercion is the strongest form of social influences, nonetheless, since this forces and individual to change their behaviour even though they are reluctant to do so. Coercion is thereby the least common form of social influence since real feelings may not actually be changed. Hence, where social influence occurs voluntarily, it is ev ident that the individual will have made the changes themselves and therefore changes the way they feel about a particular situation. This was recognised by Rashotte who pointed out that; â€Å"social influence is the process by which individuals make real changes to their feelings and behaviours as a result of interaction with others who are perceived to be similar, desirable or expert.† In effect, Rashotte (1999, p. 4426) does not believe that social influences also consists of compliance and obedience because of the fact that individuals do not have a choice but to make the changes required from them. Because of this, it is unlikely that the feelings of an individual will actually be changed if they have been forced to make the transformation. It is questionable whether these views are accurate, nonetheless, since it has been put by Perloff (2012, p. 18); â€Å"social influence – coercion and persuasion – exerts powerful, not always positive, effects on human behaviour.† Therefore, even if the social influence has resulted involuntary, this does not indicate that social influence has not taken place. Instead, a more powerful form of change has been exerted which has had a significant impact upon human behaviour. Social facilitating is the process whereby individuals improve their behaviours when other people are watching. Therefore, whenever a person is undertaking a task, it is likely that they will do better at that task if other people are watching as they will alter their behaviour so that they can impress the onlookers. This is a mild but common form of social influence and illustrates that people can be affected by the mere presence of others. This can, however, be real, imagined or implied and was first recognised by Norman Triplett in 1898 when he conducted a study on the speed record of cyclists. It was concluded by Triplett that the speed of cyclists was faster when racing against each other than it was when racing against time alone (McLeod, 2011, p. 1). Social facilitating does depend on the individual concerned, nonetheless, because the behaviour will not always be improved and in some cases, the quality of the individuals performance may be impaired (Aiello, 2001, p. 163). Social loafing is similar to social facilitation, yet whilst social facilitation tends to improve an individual’s performance, social loafing tends to slow someone down and prevents them from working as hard. Nevertheless, social loafing does not occur when being watched by others but when working in a group with others since it is felt that many individuals work harder when they are alone than when they are in a group. This is also known as the free-rider theory which means that â€Å"self interested individuals lack incentives to contribute voluntarily to the provision of public goods, or to reveal their true valuations of such goods† (Asch and Gigliotti, 1991, p. 33). An example of social loathing was provided in a study conducted on individuals involved in a tug-of-war game. Here, it was found that â€Å"people playing tug-of-war while blindfolded pulled harder if they thought they were competing alone. When they thought others were on their team, they made less of an effort† (Coon and Mitterer, 2008, p. 541). Perspectives and Methods of Research It is evident that social influence arises because of a number of different influential factors and the only way this can be identified is by undertaking a number of different activities involving humans. This enables a determination to be made as to whether the true feelings of the individuals involved have been influenced. Nevertheless, because of the complex nature scientific studies have, it is questionable whether the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of human beings can be accurately measured through empirical methods of investigation. This is because, it has been argued by Thomas Kuhn (1970, p. 4) that empirical methods of investigation are â€Å"influenced by prior beliefs and experiences.† Essentially, it could therefore be said that the studies conducted would have produced different results if they were undertaken by a different scientist. Conclusion Overall, there are a number of different concepts of social influence which appear to have been proven by empirical methods of investigation. These include conformity, compliance and obedience, bystander intervention, social loathing and social facilitating and can occur voluntary or involuntary. Social influence thus arises as a result of two human needs which are the need to be right and the need to be liked and happen depending upon the ways in which the individual perceives themselves. In proving these different concepts, a number of scientific studies have been carried out which all aim to demonstrate how social influence affects the changes of human behaviour. Nevertheless, although these methods have proven workable in explaining human behaviour, the accuracy of these methods has been questioned. This is because; it is believed that different outcomes would be produced if a different person conducted the studies since past experiences and current knowledge are said to widely i nfluence the tests that are being performed. Despite this, it is evident that changes to human behaviour frequently arise which is largely the result of the changes that are being made within society whether they are intentional or unintentional. References Aiello, J. R. (2001). Social Facilitation from Triplett to Electronic. Group Dynamics, Theory, Research and Practice. 5(3). Asch, P. and Gigliotti, G. A. (1991). The Free-Rider Paradox: Theory, Evidence and Teaching. The Journal of Economic Education, 22(1). Bjorklund, D. F. (2011). Children’s Thinking. Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc. 5th Edition. Bouchard, T. J. Lykken, D. T. McGue, M. Segal, N. L. and Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Science New Series, 250(4978). Changing Minds. (2002). Social Influence. Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/social_influence.htm Constable, S. Schuler, Z. Klaber, L. and Rakauskas, M. (1999). Conformity, Compliance and Obedience. Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from http://www.units.muohio.edu/psybersite/cults/cco.shtml Coon, D. and Mitterer, J. O. (2008). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behaviour with Concept Maps and Reviews, Cengage Learning. Crews, F. (1996). The Verdict on Freud. Psychological Science, 7(63). Deutsche, M. and Gerard, H. B. (1955). A Study of Normative and Informational Social Influences upon Individual Judgement. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 51(629). Honderich, T. (1995). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. Kipp, K. and Shaffer, D. (2012). Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence. Wadsworth Publishing Co. 9th Edition. Kuhn, T. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago University Press. 2nd Edition. Lam, V. O’Donnell, V. L. Gillibrand, R. (2011). Development Psychology. Prentice Hall. 1st Edition. Loehlin, J. C. (1982). John Locke and Behaviour Genetics. Behaviour Genetics, 13(1). McLeod, S. (2007). Nature Nurture in Psychology. Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html McLeod, S. (2011). Social Facilitation. Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/Social-Facilitation.html Perloff, R. M. (2012). The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the Twenty-First Century. Taylor Francis. 4th Edition. Rashotte, L. (1999). Social Influence. Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/fragr_image/media/social Shaffer, D. R. (2009). Social and Personality Development. Cengage Learning, 6th Edition. Stocks, J. L. (1915). Plato and the Tripartite Soul. Mind: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy, 24(94). Shuttleworth, M. (2010). Aristotle’s Psychology. Retrieved 26 December, 2012, from http://explorable.com/aristotles-psychology.html Tomasic, T. (2006). Personality: Nature vs. Nurture or Something in BetweenRetrieved 27 December, 2012, from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro06/web1/ttomasic.html How to cite Essay on Developmental and Social psychology?, Essay examples

Light A Fundamental Force In Our World Essays -

Light: A Fundamental Force In Our World If asked what light is, one could say that it's one of the most basic elements of our world and our universe as we perceive it. It is through sight that we receive 90% of our information. It is through the use of telescopes aiding the naked eye that we are aware of the heavenly bodies around us. It is through light that the energy from the sun is transferred to us. The sun's energy supports the food chain; plants use it to turn water and CO2 into energy usable by other organisms. Solar energy was also used, indirectly, to produce all of the fossil fuels that we consume daily. Since light is such a basic part of our existence, we should have a basic understanding of what it is. What we call light, the intangible, powerful force that powers our world, is somewhat hard to define in real terms. It shares properties with both particles and waves. It follows the same rules as a wave does--it moves in a regular fashion, in a perfect sine wave at a certain frequency. It travels in a straight line, and is subject to refraction. All of these characteristics are found in waves of any type, from radio frequency waves, up to Gamma and X- rays. Light, however, also exhibits qualities characteristic of particles such as neutrons and protons. A photon, or quanta, is the "packet" of energy that is sent in a light wave. Like a particle, the photon is believed to have a finite mass, and has the ability to affect other matter. As light strikes a photovoltaic solar cell, it knocks electrons in the silicon atoms on the surface into a higher state of energy. When these return to their normal, or "ground" state, energy is produced in the form of electricity. Thus, light is termed a "wave-particle," and this property is called the "wave-particle duality of nature." Many questions concerning what makes up light still lie unanswered, but this much is thought to be true. Light can be produced in a variety of ways. Our sun, like other stars, uses nuclear fusion to produce energy in the form of light and radiation. We can produce light artificially using several methods. If one starts a fire, it produces light and heat. (Heat, which is infrared radiation, is another type of light energy.) The light and heat are a result of a chemical reaction, the combining of oxygen with the carbon in the wood. This reaction leaves behind products which have less potential energy than they started with. The energy, which left as light and heat, was produced when electrons dropped in energy levels during the reaction. The excess energy from one atom was given off as a photon, producing light. If one examines a fluorescent or incandescent light bulb, one can see that all it is doing is having electricity stimulate a metallic or gaseous substrate, causing it to give off photons. The principle is the same as it was with the fire, only it is more controlled. Still more controlled is the laser, which puts out its photons in a single frequency. This is achieved through a carefully designed apparatus which stimulates materials in a way that allows them to only put out light at a certain wavelength. Laser light is, therefore, of all one color. White light, or sunlight, is a broad mixture of wavelengths. All methods of producing light, natural and artificial, share one common feature: they rely on electrons changing energy levels to produce the photons. As there are a variety of methods of producing light, so are there a multitude of ways it can be applied. The most obvious use of light is in supporting our food chain. Without light energy, nothing could live on our planet. The plants, which are at the bottom of the food chain, supply energy to all other organisms. We as humans are adapted to having sunlight around us, and taking in information with our eyes. Aside from keeping us alive, light is also employed in highly specialized applications. Laser light is being used in surgery. The highly concentrated beam of light is far more precise than any surgeon's hand, and much finer than the sharpest blade. In the area of communications, light is used in fiber optic networks for fast, crystal-clear connections. (Fiber optics allow light to travel in a finely directed path with very little distortion.) Optical components in computers are starting to see use. Also, lasers are being